The structure of suspended graphene sheets

The recent discovery of graphene has sparked significant interest, which has so far been focused on the peculiar electronic structure of this material, in which charge carriers mimic massless relativistic particle. However, the structure of graphene - a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice - is also puzzling. On the one hand, graphene appears to be a strictly two-dimensional (2D) material and exhibits such a high crystal quality that electrons can travel submicron distances without scattering. On the other hand, perfect 2D crystals cannot exist in the free state, according to both theory and experiment. This is often reconciled by the fact that all graphene structures studied so far were an integral part of larger 3D structures, either supported by a bulk substrate or embedded in a 3D matrix. Here we report individual graphene sheets freely suspended on a microfabricated scaffold in vacuum or air. These membranes are only one atom thick and still display a long-range crystalline order. However, our studies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have revealed that suspended graphene sheets are not perfectly flat but exhibit intrinsic microscopic roughening such that the surface normal varies by several degrees and out-of-plane deformations reach 1 nm. The atomically-thin single-crystal membranes offer an ample scope for fundamental research and new technologies whereas the observed corrugations in the third dimension may shed light on subtle reasons behind the stability of 2D crystals.Comment: 14 pages, includes supplementary informatio

Electronic structure and the minimum conductance of a graphene layer on SiO2 from density-functional methods.

The effect of the SiO$_2$ substrate on a graphene film is investigated using realistic but computationally convenient energy-optimized models of the substrate supporting a layer of graphene. The electronic bands are calculated using density-functional methods for several model substrates. This provides an estimate of the substrate-charge effects on the behaviour of the bands near $E_F$, as well as a variation of the equilibrium distance of the graphene sheet. A model of a wavy graphene layer is examined as a possible candidate for understanding the nature of the minimally conducting states in graphene.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure